The Influence Of Mass Media On Drug Abuse In The Society Essay

The Influence Of Mass Media On Drug Abuse In The Society - Essay Example The internet is also a mass media channel that includes e-mails, websites, blogs and social networking sites (Armstrong 34). Mass media messages especially advertisements of entertainment video clips contain drug abuse messages that influence the attitudes of the youth towards consumption of illicit drugs (Primack, Kraemer, Fine and Dalton 27). The teenagers lack the cognitive capabilities to understand the dangers of drug abuse and imitate the lifestyles of entertainment celebrities thus leading to high drug abuse in the society. Thesis statement: the mass media has fuelled drug abuse among teenagers in the society. The influence of mass media in drug abuse among the teenagers cannot be underestimated. The mass media has created a new drug abuse culture among the teenagers Wagner 67). The mass media advertising contains drug abuse messages that create wrong perceptions of prosperity by showing images of drug abusers enjoying material things like luxury cars and expensive jewelry (Pr imack, Kraemer, Fine and Dalton 35). The mass media has created numerous stereotypes about drug abuse, fashion and violence thus leading to a sensation of drug abuse and sex among teenagers in the United States. ... The teenagers mainly rely on the mass media for entertainment and connecting with their peers (Wagner 81). Currently, the mass media contains a lot of information, images and audio-video clips that depict drug abuse as something rewarding and cool. Although there is controversial debate surrounding the impact of mass media on drug abuse among the youth, it is true that mass media messages affect the perceptions of youth towards drugs (Primack, Kraemer, Fine and Dalton 19). The mass media is increasingly being used to advertise tobacco related products, alcohol and other prescription drugs. Accordingly, teenagers who smoke tobacco and take alcohol have higher chances of engaging in illicit drug abuse. Cigarette advertising messages glamorize smokers and smoking through depicting the smokers as young, cool, adventurous, independent and healthy (Primack, Kraemer, Fine and Dalton 31). Accordingly, teen-oriented television programs and magazines have tobacco-related advertising that conta ins images that are tailor-made in order to appeal to the youths. The audio-clips use images that show young people as fun-loving and enjoying consumption of illicit drugs. The internet is contains massive videos and messages related to drug abuse and often portray positive consequences of drug abuse and desirable attributes like feelings of relaxation or greatness (Primack, Kraemer, Fine and Dalton 12). Some of the factors that expose teenagers to unrestricted drug related advertising and violent movies that contain images of drug abuse include poor parenting, aggressive tobacco related advertising and peer pressure (Brown, Steele and Walsh-Childers 44). A majority of the

Anxiety and Depression Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Anxiety and Depression - Essay Example Thought the methodology of evaluation and the subsequent analysis are fairly standard, there are a number of discrepancies noted. The authors are not exposed to the events leading to depression of the initial cohort, and whether it was of mild or severe nature. Whether the phase was preceded by same family or economic disaster, or were the patients genetically prone to the illness is not laid out. 2 How were the previous cohort rehabilitated If the cause of the previous depression was an acute temporary event, the individual has a greater chance to come out and carry on with life. The authors needed to correlate the present incidence of depression with the causative factor initially 3 The authors have given an incidence of 30% mortality in these individuals. It is probably more important to actually discuss the cause of the mortality also. We do not know the ages of the patients, and the exact etiology. The causation of death can be natural in some percentage, and how many of the dead were actually suffering from persistent depression only can point this to be the cause. The questionnaire has not been included in the journal.

The definition of stress and its history

The definition of stress and its history Stress is defined as an organisms complete reaction to environmental demands or pressures. When stress was initially studied in the middle of the twentieth century, the term was used to refer to both the reason and the experienced effects of these pressures. More recently, however, the term stressor has been used for the inspiration that aggravates a stress response. One continuing discrepancy between researchers concerns the definition of stress in humans. Is it principally an external response that can be measured by changes in glandular secretions, skin reactions, and other physical functions, or is it an internal interpretation of, or reaction to, a stressor; or is it both? The meaning of stress depends on the approach that psychologists follow. Straightforwardly, stress just means effort, demand upon energy. Almost everything can create this stress position; a loud noise, a deadline, revision, late transport, or even simply getting up in the morning. However, there are three ways of approaching a definition of stress; Stress can be classified in terms of all individuals reacting in the same biological way, to the same stimulus. This is the stimulus based model, i.e. the stimulus causes the stress but our reaction is identical physiologically. Any awareness of a stress stimulus activates the hosts physiological response. This is general both across time (every time we encounter a stressor) and society. Stress can be defined as reliant upon the persons answer to the stressor. This is a more downbeat way of looking at stress. The individual is portrayed as suffering from stresses, feeling stressed. The individual is seen as having an immature coping mechanism. This internal response may also be down to diverse personality types or cultural influences, but the management of stress is seen as coming from internal change. The most accepted way of viewing and studying stress nowadays, is to use an interactions approach. This means we may all be faced with the same external stressor (stimulus) but the stress response that we display will fall heavily on our individual differences, gender or culture. In simple terms, the phrase exam is the same stimulus, but some characters will be feeling tense and worked regarding this near event, while other will appear more calm and less stress fluctuation. Psychologists try to find out the factor affecting this interaction and stress management depends on the perceived interaction and response. The term stress is conceptualised in many different ways by psychologists. Here are just a few: A state of psychological and physical tension produced, according to the transactional model, when there is a mismatch between the perceived demands of a situation (the stressor[s]) and the individuals perceived ability to cope. The consequent state of tension can be adaptive (eustress) or maladaptive (distress). Brody, R and D Dwyer (2002) Revise Psychology for AS Level, Hove, Psychology Press, p210 In my perception, this explains that stress is regarded as any given situation and an individual own views on this, whether they have set the bar too high or if it is achievable. For example, the situation is running the London Marathon. One person may have been training for many months or even years for this annual run and they feel they can achieve their goal, but another person who has not been training at all may feel confident when signing up, but as the day becomes closer, they begin to realise that the task is almost in-achievable, therefore becoming stressed. The non-specific response of the body to any demand Seyle (1950), in Eysench, M and C Flanagan (2000) Psychology for AS Level, Hove, Psychology Press, p137. This view explains that stress to them means that the body reacts in many ways to every situation given to that individual, no set response is guaranteed for the notable challenge. A pattern of negative physiological states and psychological responses occurring in situations where people perceive threats to their well-being which they may be unable to meet Lazarus Folkman (1984) in Gross, R; R McIlveen and H Coolican (2000) Psychology: A New Introduction for AS Level, London, Hodder Stoughton, p60 This explanation claims that stress is a response from the body which is triggered by a situation which the brain interprets and becomes threatened and overwhelmed. E.g. your first day at a new job. You arrive at your desk, given a long list of jobs needed completing, as its your first day, you dont know what to do so your brain reads this, resulting in the body reacting (shaking, sweating etc). The physical response of stress is all about the rapid mobilisation of energy. Hans Selye is credited with popularising the word stress as it is used today. Selye noticed that animals which were put in sustained stressful conditions all developed the same physical problems such as stomach ulcers, weight loss, abnormal changes in the size of glands (some shrunk, some enlarged), and impaired immune system functioning. Selye (1976) proposed that when exposed to sustained pressure there would be a standard response. He called this the General Adaptation Syndrome and divided it into three phases; Phase one Alarm Reaction. Immediate reactions of the organism to the stressful conditions, similar to Walter Canons (1939) theory of the fight or flight response. Phase two Resistance stage. The animal adapts to the demands of the stressor. However, this adaptation requires adaptation energy and this is gradually used up until the animal can no longer resist the stressor. Phase three Exhaustion. At this stage, the animals resistance to the stressor is so weakened that diseases become apparent. Most of the long-term adverse changes that Selye observed were due to the effects of another hormone involved in the stress response, cortisol. Cortisol has useful short-term effects; including mobilising energy stores and making us feel more alert. However, for various complex reasons, the long-term effects of cortisol are to down-regulate the immune system, disrupt the reproductive system, suppress the inflammatory response and even to damage areas of the brain which affect memory and mood. Joseph V. Brady (1958) trialled on monkeys the consequence of stress within different job roles and personalities. Brady positioned the monkeys in restraining chairs and conditioned each one to initiate a lever. Electric shocks were given every 20 seconds unless the level was actioned in the time span. This study came to an unexpected stop when many of the monkeys passed away from perforated ulcers. To analysis this Brady used a control monkey. He positioned an Executive Monkey in the restraining chair, which could press the lever to put a stop to the electric shock. The other monkeys had no power over the lever, leaving only the Executive monkey with the psychological stress of pushing the required button. The schedule to the electric shocks was six hours on followed by six hours off and after twenty-three days of this, the executive monkey died. Brady then attempted a variety of schedules, but no monkeys died from this. He then returned to the original work schedule of six on, six off and tested the stomachs of the Executives and discovered that their stomach acidity was at its peak during the rest period. The maximum risk materialised when the sympathetic arousal closed and the stomach was filled with digestive hormones. This was a parasympathetic rebound related with the Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, which began development of ulcers in the Executive monkeys. Throughout all the variations of the experiment, not a single yoked control monkey ever developed an ulcer. This proposes that the ulcers were a symptom of the excessive stress encouraged by having the control over the other monkeys fate. Hans Selyes General Adaptation Syndrome proposes a similar effect in the Exhaustion phase. There were two Whitehall studies, the first investigates the social factors of health, mainly cardio respiratory disease longevity and mortality rates within United Kingdom civil servants aged between twenty-four and sixty-five. The early study, Whitehall I Study, was carried out in 1967 and carried on for over ten years. A second chapter, the Whitehall II Study, inspected the health of 10,308 civil servants aged thirty-five and fifty-five. Only one third of these experimentees were women while the remaining two thirds were men. Whitehall II studied people within the working age. It looked into the links between work, stress and health. Whitehall II discovered organisation at work, climatisation at work, social influences, early life experiences as well as health behaviours all play a factor in determining the health social gradient. As partakers in this investigation resumes through adulthood, the research is concentrating on health inequalities and the aging populations ability to function adequately. With an ever increasing population of senior citizens in the United Kingdom, there is a vital need to establish what causes social inequalities and to study long-term repercussions on an individuals ability to function and have a healthy retirement. The social gradient in health is not so much a spectacle confined solely to the British Civil Service. All the way through the developed world wherever researchers have gained information to investigate, they have witnessed the social gradient in health. Health in equalities are a worldwide matter affecting people across the social gradient in rich, middle income, and poor nations. To have the ability to address inequalities in health it is essential to understand how social organisation affects health also to find ways to develop the state and circumstances in which people work and live. The Whitehall II fields of study in the lowest employments grades did demonstrated a higher chance of having many of the established hazardous factors of coronary heart disease (CHD): an inclination to smoke, lower height-to-weight ratio (higher chance of obesity and diabetes), less leisure time, and higher blood pressure. However, even after amending these factors to a more normal level, the lower employment grades were unfortunately, still at greater chance of a heart attack; another factor was at work. Some have directed the reason of CHD to cortisol, a hormone created by the body as a response to stress. A consequence of cortisol release is a reduction in the immune systems efficacy through lymphocyte manipulation. One theory illuminating the connection between immune-efficiency and CHD is that infectious pathogens such as herpes or Chlamydia are partially to blame for coronary diseases, thus a body with a chronically suppressed immune system will be less able to avert CHD. A substituted option to the cortisol explanation is that self-esteem is a key contributing factor and that the relationship between a professional accolade and self-esteem gives an explanation for the health gradient. The study favouring this observation related low self-esteem in test subjects with a greater decline in heart rate variability and higher heart rates in general-both established CHD risk factors-while acting out stressful tasks. At this current time there is no universally-accepted mode of causality for the occurrence exposed by the Whitehall studies. Clearly stress is associated to a greater risk of CHD, but so are many other unconventional factors. In addition to this, stress seems to be too non-specific. There are various kinds of stress in ones day-to-day life and each kind could contribute in a different way. The theory of Type A and Type B personality is a type of theory that describes a pattern of behaviours that were once regarded to be a risk factor for coronary heart disease. Since its commencement in the 1950s, the theory has been widely disapproved of for its scientific shortcomings. It nonetheless continues in the form of pop psychology within the general population. Type A individuals can be portrayed as impatient, controlling, concerned about their status, highly competitive, ambitious, aggressive, having difficulty relaxing; and are occasionally detested by individuals with Type B personalities for the way that theyre constantly rushing. They are often impressively achieving workaholics who multitask, drive ones self with deadlines to meet, and are uneasy about delays. Because of these attributes, Type A individuals are often portrayed as stress junkies. Type B individuals, in comparison to type As, are described as patient, relaxed, and easy-going, basically lacking any sense sense of urgency. This can also be illustrated as lazy and lacking ambition. Individuals who live with their parents well into their adulthood are an example. Because of these traits, Type B individuals are often depicted by Type As as apathetic and disengaged. There is also a Type AB mixed profile for people who are not easily categorised or not fit into A or B purely. Meyer Friedman portrayed a suggestion in his 1996 book, Type A Behaviour: Its Diagnosis and Treatment, that Type A behaviour is expressed in three major indicators. One of these symptoms is thought to be concealed and therefore less observable, whereas the other two are more visible; Symptoms of Type A Behaviour Time urgency and impatience, resulting in irritation and exasperation. Free floating resentment, which can be started by even minor events. Ready for action, this made them familiar towards achievement which caused them to be stressed due to them wanting to be the greatest at whatever they may be doing i.e. sports or in work. Type A behaviour was first explained as a likely risk factor in coronary heart disease (CHD) in the 1950s by cardiologists Meyer Friedman and R. H. Rosenman. After a nine-year investigation of healthy men, aged thirty-five to fifty-nine, Friedman Rosenman approximated that the risk of coronary heart disease in Type A individuals is double than that of otherwise healthy individuals. This research had a huge effect in inspiring the development of the field of health psychology, in which psychologists view how a persons mental state affects his or her health in a physical state. Type A/B theory has been put under scrutiny on a number of grounds e.g. statisticians have disputed that the original study by Friedman and Rosenman had serious limitations, comprising of large and unequal sample sizes, and less than one percent of the variance in links explained by Type A personality. Psychometrically, the actions that define the syndrome are not highly associated, indicating that this is a collection of separate tendencies, not a logical pattern or type. Type theories universally have been slated as overly simplistic and incapable of assessing the degrees of variety in human personality. Researchers also found that Type A behaviour is a poor predictor of coronary heart disease. Research by Redford Williams of Duke University, states the unfriendliness component of Type A personality is the pure and simple risk factor thus, it is a high level of conveyed anger and hostility, not the other components of Type A behaviour that constitute the problem. On the basis of these condemnations, Type A theory has been termed outdated by many researchers in contemporary health psychology and personality psychology. To conclude, all three of these theories demonstrate positive relations between situations, theories and stress, however, as stress is an un-defined phrase, not one nor is the other able to give us further insight into how to control the stress illness relationship. The comparison between all three however, is that a combination of cognitive approach along with behavioural approach creates a physiological reaction.

The Causes of the American Revolution Essay -- Essays on American Revo

The American Revolution began for many reasons, some are; long-term social, economic, and political changes in the British colonies, prior to 1750 provided the basis for and started a course to America becoming an independent nation under it's own control with its own government. Not a tyrant king thousands of miles away. A huge factor in the start of the revolution was the French and Indian War during the years of 1754 through 1763; this changed the age-old bond between the colonies and Britain, its mother. To top it off, a decade of conflicts between the British rule and the colonists, starting with the Stamp Act in 1765 that eventually led to the eruption of war in 1775, along with the drafting of The Declaration of Independence in 1776. Originally the fighting between Britain and France began in 1754 with a quarrel in North America. It had two different names. In America it is known as the French and Indian War. In Britain and Europe it is known as the Seven Years? War, because the fighting lasted from 1756 to 1763. A result of the French and Indian war was a British decision to reconsider its relationship with its colonies. Prior to the French and Indian War, Britain had loosely controlled its colonies. British leaders regarded the colonial government as inferior. As long as only a few serious conflicts between Britain and America occurred, the British government permitted colonial assemblies to oversee the royal governors and to pass new laws that suited to the needs of the colonists. In addition, the British did not always enforce their laws in the colonies. For example, the British Customs Service, which was unproductive, understaffed, and open to corruption, did not enforce the Molasses Act of 1733. British leaders did not insist on strict enforcement of this tax or other commercial duties because thriving American trade was making Britain very wealthy and powerful nation. British statesman and political theorist Edmund Burke, a orator who successfully championed many human rights and causes by bringing people to attention through his moving speeches. Described his country?s policies toward the colonies as ?salutary neglect? because he believed their leniency was actually beneficial. As a result of this salutary neglect, the colonists developed a political and economic system that was virtually independent. They were loyal, although somewhat... ... Townshend duties on certain imported goods. Indeed, American patriots used tar and feathers to wage a war of intimidation against British tax collectors. These were the actions that made our country leap towards a revolution and eventually make it free. As the first line of the constitution says ?We the People of the United States, in Order to form a more perfect Union, establish Justice, insure domestic Tranquility, provide for the common defense, promote the general Welfare, and secure the Blessings of Liberty to ourselves and our Posterity, do ordain and establish this Constitution for the United States of America.?, and this selection along with the rest of the constitution still stands today and has not been changed or altered since it was made. Works Cited Carroll, Andrew, Letters for a Nation, Broadway New York, 1997 Gottschalk, Louis. "Cause of Revolution." Schenckman Publishing Company, Inc.: Cambridge, 2011. "American Revolution" Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Revolution Olsen, Keith W., et al. An Outline of American History. Web. 20 July 2015. http://202.194.48.102/englishonline/world/AmericanStudies/Am-history/index.asp The Causes of the American Revolution Essay -- Essays on American Revo The American Revolution began for many reasons, some are; long-term social, economic, and political changes in the British colonies, prior to 1750 provided the basis for and started a course to America becoming an independent nation under it's own control with its own government. Not a tyrant king thousands of miles away. A huge factor in the start of the revolution was the French and Indian War during the years of 1754 through 1763; this changed the age-old bond between the colonies and Britain, its mother. To top it off, a decade of conflicts between the British rule and the colonists, starting with the Stamp Act in 1765 that eventually led to the eruption of war in 1775, along with the drafting of The Declaration of Independence in 1776. Originally the fighting between Britain and France began in 1754 with a quarrel in North America. It had two different names. In America it is known as the French and Indian War. In Britain and Europe it is known as the Seven Years? War, because the fighting lasted from 1756 to 1763. A result of the French and Indian war was a British decision to reconsider its relationship with its colonies. Prior to the French and Indian War, Britain had loosely controlled its colonies. British leaders regarded the colonial government as inferior. As long as only a few serious conflicts between Britain and America occurred, the British government permitted colonial assemblies to oversee the royal governors and to pass new laws that suited to the needs of the colonists. In addition, the British did not always enforce their laws in the colonies. For example, the British Customs Service, which was unproductive, understaffed, and open to corruption, did not enforce the Molasses Act of 1733. British leaders did not insist on strict enforcement of this tax or other commercial duties because thriving American trade was making Britain very wealthy and powerful nation. British statesman and political theorist Edmund Burke, a orator who successfully championed many human rights and causes by bringing people to attention through his moving speeches. Described his country?s policies toward the colonies as ?salutary neglect? because he believed their leniency was actually beneficial. As a result of this salutary neglect, the colonists developed a political and economic system that was virtually independent. They were loyal, although somewhat... ... Townshend duties on certain imported goods. Indeed, American patriots used tar and feathers to wage a war of intimidation against British tax collectors. These were the actions that made our country leap towards a revolution and eventually make it free. As the first line of the constitution says ?We the People of the United States, in Order to form a more perfect Union, establish Justice, insure domestic Tranquility, provide for the common defense, promote the general Welfare, and secure the Blessings of Liberty to ourselves and our Posterity, do ordain and establish this Constitution for the United States of America.?, and this selection along with the rest of the constitution still stands today and has not been changed or altered since it was made. Works Cited Carroll, Andrew, Letters for a Nation, Broadway New York, 1997 Gottschalk, Louis. "Cause of Revolution." Schenckman Publishing Company, Inc.: Cambridge, 2011. "American Revolution" Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Revolution Olsen, Keith W., et al. An Outline of American History. Web. 20 July 2015. http://202.194.48.102/englishonline/world/AmericanStudies/Am-history/index.asp

Modern Society and Breakfasts

Breakfast is identified as the most important meal of the day. It is also the meal which people often skip despite having health benefits such as helping in weight management, better energy and concentration, as well as better problem-solving skills (The Importance of Breakfast). From context, the word breakfast means breaking the fasting which lasted throughout the sleep. People prefer different meals for breakfast. Some go for cereals; some go for bread, some for rice, pancakes, eggs, bacon, sausages etc.Whatever kind of breakfast a person eats, as a habit, it is still related to a certain culture but modern culture has resulted in breakfast being neglected. From the data gathered from an interview, the Western style breakfast consists mostly one or more of the following: pancakes or waffles, cereals, bread, eggs, bacon, ham, sausages with milk, coffee, juice or tea. The interviewees said that they usually have breakfast as a family before but changing times resulted in not having to eat breakfast with other family members.Some can still manage to eat with their family. Many now prepare their own breakfast and treat it as an individual activity. Due to a fast-paced life especially in the city, many people no longer have breakfast at home. They usually get breakfast on their way to work or school. In a modern society, people consider breakfast as an individual affair and very few people regard breakfast as a ritual, thus, family members have breakfast at different times. Many people have also been known to skip breakfast (Prevos, 2004).The importance of eating breakfast cannot be denied. I study indicated that children who ate breakfast showed better performance in school. They have better test scores, have better behaviour and are less hyperactive (Jegtvig, 2008). Breakfast in an important meal but modern cultural influences have resulted in breakfast becoming an individual activity instead of being a group activity like it was considered before. More and mor e people are also skipping breakfast. Interviews: Person 1 †¢ Eats pancakes, waffles or cereals, milk, fruit juice for breakfast.†¢ Breakfast is a group activity with family members †¢ Pancakes and waffles go with maple syrup with milk or fruit juice for drinks. Eats breakfasts with family since all family members go to work or school early Person 2 †¢ Eats eggs, cereal, bacon, ham, rice, milk or coffee for breakfast. †¢ Breakfast is an individual activity. Family members wake up at different times but breakfast is served by mother. †¢ Sometimes have breakfast on the way to work. Person 3 †¢ Eats toasted bread, eggs, sausages, fruit juice or coffee for breakfast.†¢ Breakfast is an individual activity. †¢ Cooks own breakfasts or have breakfast on the way to work. Person 4 †¢ Does not eat breakfast. References Jegtvig, S. 20 August 2008. Eating Healthy Food Aids Learning. About. com. Retrieved August 26, 2008, from http://nutrition. ab out. com/od/ nutritionforchildren/a/dietandlearning. htm Prevos, P. 15 August 2004. Breakfast and Culture. Retrieved August 26, 2008, from http://prevos. net/ola/breakfast. pdf The Importance of Breakfast. Retrieved August 26, 2008, from http://www. bellybytes. com/articles/breakfast2. shtml

Critique of the Ethical Issue Essay

Every profession is subject to different ethical considerations. In response, professions present code of conduct to their employees to guide their behavior in the organization. Formal ethical training is also held to make the employees aware of different ethical issues. Ethical decision making process enable the workforce to handle every ethical issue and prevents them from making any ethical lapses whatsoever. US healthcare system comprises many branches that offer unique health related services to clients. Furthermore the healthcare is split into a hierarchical setup which starts from nursing to the top physicians. Each individual related to the US health care has to undergo a lot of training and education before he/she is authorized to discharge any duty. A fundamental part of this coaching involves ethical training which guides the employees ways and means of dealing with different ethical problems. Conflicts faced by the healthcare are of many types. To start with, physicians fail to work as a team with nurses. Sometimes nurses do not understand their roles and discharge their duties improperly. Other kinds of conflicts involve patients. These conflicts can usually become very serious and can even become unlawful in nature. Articulating the Problem The ethical conflict that arose in my studies involved a doctor and his patient. Jimmy suffered from high fever and he decided to go to a new doctor, Dr. Bill, as his general physician was out of town on vacation. Jimmy reported all his conditions to Dr. Bill. Dr. Bill made some notes and then warned him that he might be in fear of suffering from typhoid (a severe form of fever). Jimmy was very shocked to hear this. The doctor further added that it would be better for Jimmy to remain in hospital care for at least two days before his condition improved. He also asked him to run some tests which would be needed to clearly diagnose his sickness. When Jimmy heard of the high amount they were charging him, he was highly shocked and left the clinic. Jimmy called his physician up and informed him of the entire issue. Dr. Andrew told him to get a check-up from another doctor who was his friend. Jimmy went there and after the checkup, he received another surprise upon hearing that the fever was not serious and he’d be perfect in two days. He was given some prescription which he was to take. In two days time, Jimmy perfectly recovered from his fever and, by then, realized how Dr. Bill had tried to deceive him into getting the tests and hospital care in order to make more money. The event is, by all means, shocking and unethical. Dr. Bill and those of his like are ruining the sanctity of the medical profession by converting it into any other business profession. It is certainly not unethical to offer your services and expertise to others in return for money. However, intimidating patients by telling them of symptoms which, in fact, they do not possess is certainly very unethical. This trend is quickly spreading everywhere, especially online. After doing some research, the author found that there are many health care services which are presently being offered online. Though some of these setups are highly professional in nature and offer very effective services online, the rest are merely scammers. What’s more problematic is that individuals do not know how expert the physician is in his/her respective field. Looked at it this way, we’re all in a big risk whenever we decide to get ourselves checked up from a new doctor. As far as the scammers are concerned, their deceptive marketing campaigns allure the sick and the injured into asking for help. They make false claims that their products will change their lives or make them better. By the time the poor people find out that they’ve been deceived, it is too late to do anything because such institutions and individuals protect themselves through different legislations of the law. Gathering Data After thorough research and data collection, the author has come up with following important ways of checking the credentials as well as ratings of a physician along with ways of preventing health care frauds. 1. Information about doctor’s experience and training is obtained from his office or local medical society in which the doctor is a member. 2. There are some state licensing boards that also issue information about disciplinary actions taken against a particular physician. However, it is not very easy to get information from there. 3. American Medical Association’s AMA Physicians Select offers information on training and certification of all the medical and osteopathic physicians who are currently holding a license in the US. However, disciplinary actions are not included with them. 4. American Board of Medical Specialties (ABMS) Certified Doctor Verification Service can also be utilized to check whether the physician is certified by one or the 24 recognized specialty boards. The service is free of charge. 5. Googling out for more info is also not a bad idea. You will find several options wherein to check the report/credibility of a physician. 6. There are several government sources which may be used to obtain information relating to disciplinary action. Of these, the two most important sources are the National Practitioner Data Bank and the Healthcare Integrity and Protection Data Bank. 7. Many clinics and hospitals also offer options to check their doctors’ credentials. However, this is not a good idea because hospitals would never reveal that any one of their doctors is of low quality. Exploring Strategies It is, indeed, very difficult to carve a strategy that would clearly identify and tackle the above situation. Practical issues of these kinds are indeed very different from theoretical knowledge that is offered in books. However, following procedures may help prevent such situations in future. From Profession’s perspective 1. Establishing a federal committee on healthcare fraud prevention, and having it carry out a detailed wipe-out of all such fraudulent institutions and individuals 2. Exercise rigorous ethical training program, stressing the consequences of deceiving and holding the truth in the medical profession 3. Conducting regular external audits on different health care facilities, with an aim to identify the scammers 4. Publicizing and penalizing doctors who conduct such activities From Patient’s Perspective 1. Organizing a wide marketing campaign instructing the individuals to be wary of such scammers 2. Avoiding new doctors 3. Fixing the medical charges offered at various institutions, so the competition is not price-based but quality based. 4. Having another review with another physician if instructed to undergo very expensive treatment. Implementing the Strategy In order to implement the above discussed strategy, the following needs to be done: 1. Give the event a wide coverage on popular media 2. Create mass-awareness through the media 3. Instruct masses to avoid online health care facilities as much as possible unless they know the physician personally. 4. Write to the American Medical Association and other medical authorities, asking them to address the issue on federal level. 5. Increasing word-of-mouth, and making all such frauds public 6. Conducting nation-wide survey of physicians’ credentials Evaluating the Outcomes Implementing the above strategy would have the following pros and cons: Pros 1. Efficient and appropriate health care only by physicians who have sound credentials and ratings 2. Lesser frauds and scams in the health care 3. Better opportunities for physicians who’ve worked their way up 4. An overall better impact on the health of US nationals 5. Better medical infrastructure Cons 1. High investment is required to create the mass-awareness 2. It is not possible to identify every physician who is conducting fraud 3. It is difficult to decide whether a physician is diagnosing a patient sincerely or not as different physicians come up with different diagnosis measures REFERENCES Percival, Thomas. Medical ethics. (pp. 49–57) from http://books. google. com/books? id=yVUEAAAAQAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=medical+ethics&as_brr=1&ie=ISO-8859-1#PPA52,M1. Walter, Klein (ed). The Story of Bioethics: From seminal works to contemporary explorations Jordan, M. C. (1998). Ethics manual. Fourth edition. American College of Physicians (pp. 23-30) Beauchamp, Tom L. , Childress, James F. (2001). Principles of Biomedical Ethics. New York: Oxford University Press. Margaret A. Burkhardt, Alvita Nathaniel (2007) Ethics and Issues in Contemporary Nursing

buy custom Nutrition Assessment essay

buy custom Nutrition Assessment essay There are some quick facts that athletes needs to note regarding their nutrition. One is that they achieve their peak performance through eating a wide range of foods and training, Much is gained from the stored carbohydrates amount in the athletes body, Depending on the duration taken by the exercise or the athletes condition, there reaches a time when fat is needed for provision of fuel, the protein need of an athlete can be increased by the kind of exercises that are undertaken, and water is very essential for athletes based on the fact that dehydration can lead to fatigue and muscle cramps. As a result of the stated facts; it is clear that for an athlete to expel in athletics, one should have perfect genes, good body conditioning and training and a reasonable diet. To maintain a peak performance, it is therefore necessary that an athlete ensures that they have an optimal diet. Lack of correct information regarding nutrition can be harmful towards the course of achieving the goals of the athlete (Rusell, 2005). During the early stages of an exercise that is temperate, about 50% of the energy taken by the body comes from carbohydrates. The energy produced by carbohydrates for every unit of oxygen that has been consumed is higher than that produced from fats. Based on the fact that the supply of oxygen during the long duration activities, it is advisable that the athlete consumes the diet with the least requirement of oxygen for every kilocalorie that has been produced. After being ingested, carbohydrates are partially digested in the mouth as a result of the action of amylase enzyme that is found in saliva. The digestion then continues in the stomach but is slowed down by the digestive acids that are released into the stomach. Pancreatic amylase furthers the breakdown in the duodenum breaking the carbohydrates further to sucrose, lactose and maltose. Sucrase, lactase and maltase acts further on the food as it is carried into the intestines breaking it into very small bits that are converted into glucose before being absorbed into the bloodstream. While the athlete is undertaking any activity the energy that is needed appears in the form of ATP and this is stored in small quantities that be utilized by the body in a few seconds and hence the need to replace it every other time. As mentioned earlier, the carbohydrates that have been consumed produces glucose to the body. The glucose is stored as glycogen for production of energy in later stages (Fink et al, 2008). Sports people have different needs of energy but this dependent on the body size, composition and the kind of physical training they are undergoing. A person with a small body needs about 1500 calories for maintenance of the body weight. In this case, Zoe weighs 135 and a height of 58 and this means she has a large muscle mass and needs more calories, about 4000, to maintain her body weight. The fuel that is consumed by the body of an athlete during training is dependent on their sex, the duration or intensity of their exercise and the nutritional status of the athlete. The central part of the nutritional plan is based on the three major macronutrients for every athlete and these are proteins, carbohydrates and fats. The average intake of nutrients is 56-58 carbohydrates energy, 11-15% energy from proteins and 24-30 % energy from fat. However, these ranges from one athlete to the other depending on a number of varying factors from individual to the other as mentioned before (Rusell, 2005). The utilization of carbohydrates increases as the work intensity increases. During the process of digestion of the carbohydrates, they are broken down into glucose and this is stored as glycogen in the body muscles. When the athlete is actively participating in the the sport or during the routine exercises, the energy is produced through conversion of the glycogen back into glucose (Collins, 2007). Only a limited quantity carbohydrate is stored by the body in the liver and the muscles. Provided the event does not take more than one and a half hours, the glycogen in the muscle is sufficient to supply the energy that is needed for the activity. For the activities that involve hard work and for more than one and a half hours, a diet with high concentration of carbohydrates that was eaten a few days before undertaking the activity permits the space storage of glycogen to get filled. This means that whenever Zoe is doing the running or during the soccer matches, she can benefit a lot from taking a diet prior to competition and the diet is supposed to contain about 70 percent carbohydrates calories Collins, 2007). It has been proven that athletes or soccer players who are on a high-carbohydrate diet can be able to exercise for long hours as compared to those who have not taken such a meal. However, it is not advisable that Zoe gets used to the high-carbohydrate diet based on the fact that the body may get used to obtaining fuel from carbohydrates instead of incorporating the fatty acids that come from fats (Fink et al, 2008). One thing that Zoe needs to know is that to be able to sustain her performance in relation to the feeding habits, there is an appropriate time that one needs to feed especially prior to a game or a training session. The absorption of food needs to have been accomplished and the glycogen stores replenished fully before one starts an active exercise. After the training session or a competition, Zoe needs to know that her glycogen stores gets depleted and she needs to put into consideration the time taken for the carbohydrates to be changed into blood glucose that is then stored in the muscles (Rusell, 2005). This is very important especially if she is to undertake some games in a series. This is where the Glysemic Index (GI) of food comes in. the foods whose GI is high take about 1 to 2 hours for absorption to take place while those with low GI take about 3 to 4 hours. As a result, consuming of carbohydrates whose GI is high in two hours time after undertaking an activity will assist Z oe in replenishing the glycogen stores and this will lead to a fast recovery time. These stores are known to take about half a day during rest or sleep and this means that she should consider taking breakfast always. Eating some snacks will play a part in maximizing the glycogen stores, minimizing storage of fat and stabilizing blood glucose as well as levels of insulin (Fink et al, 2008). Fats and oils assist the body of the sports people with the provision of fuel for the body. Half of the energy that is spent on a moderate exercise is derived from the metabolism of fatty acids that are free (Fink et al, 2008). When the individual undertakes an activity that will take more than an hour, the body can mostly use fats for the provision of energy and based on the fact that she is a trained athlete, her fat utilization will be higher than that of a person that is not trained. Based on the fact that Zoe is heavy and may be considering loosing some weigh, she can be tempted to practice fat restriction and this can affect her performance based on the fact that the fat intake should never be below 15% of the total energy intake and if this is not checked, the performance of Zoe may be affected immensely (Rusell, 2005). In addition to carbohydrates and fats, proteins are also responsible for the provision of energy for the athletes body. In case there is extra protein that has been consumed, it is stored in the body as fat. What Zoe needs to know is that, with the kind of kilograms that she weighs, she does not need to add weight any longer and if anything, she should be thinking of how to shed some of the weight that she has. As a result, she should ensure that she only takes enough proteins to avoid some fat storage in the body in form of the excess proteins. The protein intake of Zoe should range between 10% and 12% of the total calories to ensure that her intake fits what her body requires and that there is no excess to avoid harm. This translates to about 1.2-1.7 grams of protein for every kilogram of her body weight (Fink et al, 2008). Based on the fact that Zoe exercises vigorous almost everyday except on Sundays, her feeding habits needs to incorporate carbs amounts that range from moderate to elevated amounts. In her feeding programmes, she needs to incorporate about 6gm of carbohydrates for every Kilogram of her body weight and considering that she is 135Kg, this means that she needs about 810grams of carbohydrates each day. In short the carbohydrates intake should be about 45% of her calories or carbs about 65% of the calories being used. This will assist her in avoiding chronic fatigue as well as overloading her liver and muscles with glycogen. The protein intake for Zoe is 1.1 to 1.4 grams protein for every kilogram of her body weight (Fink et al, 2008). For the protein to be used to maintain the tissues of the muscles and not as a fuel source there should be enough carbohydrates as mentioned earlier. In regard to the fats and oils intake, Zoe as an athlete who exercises regularly almost everyday can take up to 30% of what she consumes daily. However, having in mind that Zoe is a huge person with an excessive body weight; she needs to maintaain the percentage of oils and fats at a mere minimum. It should be noted that the fats should have very little or no amounts of trans or saturated fats and rich in unsaturated fats (Collins, 2007). Based on the fact that carbohydrates in its digestive forms undergoes a transformation into glucose, the glucose has to provide the body tissues and cells in form of ATP (adenosine triphosphate) and in this case the metabolism of glucose is carried out in three major stages; glycolysis, Krebs Cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation. During the athletic activity, the level of hormones shifts and this homeostasis disruption makes some alteration to the carbohydrates glucose metabolism as well as other molecules that bears some energy (Collins, 2007). Glycolysis is the first step of glucose breakdown. When glucose enters the cells cytosol or the fluid of the cell, it is changed into pyruvate 2 or 3 carbon molecules through a number of reactions (ten) which are catalyzed by different enzymes. For every molecule of glucose, two ATP are generated and since ADP is changed to ATP throughout the breakdown carried out on the substrate glucose, a process that is referred to as phosphorylation of substrate-level (Haugen, 2010). During glycolysis, the most precious enzyme is the phosphofructokinase or PFK that is responsible for the catalysis of the 3rd reaction in the entire sequence. The reaction is favored by physiologic conditions and as a result, it is referred to as the committed step. This implies that PFK appears as the one responsible for controlling the metabolism of glucose and in actual sense, this is the reality. When the cell has much energy or ATP, PFK gets inhibited and the glucose breakdown for energy production reduces. Th is kind of regulation where the PFK controls the degradation of glucose to fit the energy requirements is a common issue in biochemistry (Fink et al, 2008). The next stage is the krebs cycle that is said to begin pyruvate that is structured in the cell cytoplasm during glycolysis is moved to the mitochondria whose majority energy that is contained in the glucose gets extracted. The mitochondria facilitate the conversion of pyruvate to acetyl CoA through an enzyme pyruvate carboxlase. This process goes through a series of steps but the main purpose of Krebs Cycle is to ensure that there is provision of high-energy electrons that appear in form of NADH and FADH2 and these are carried forward to the transport chain of the electron (Fink et al, 2008). During the last stage which is known as the oxidative phosphorylation. High energy electrons that are held by both FADH2 and NADH are carried on to an enzyme complex series in the membrane of the mitochondria. In an effort to reap the energy contained in both NADH and FADH2 and changes it to ATP: NADH-Q reductase, cytochrome oxidase and cytochrome reductase. Generally, two ATP molecules are generated from the Kreb Cylcle reactions and electron transport chain then produces around 26-30 ATP. In short, the glucose oxidation as a result of reduction of FADH and NAD+ is joint to the process of phosphorylation of ADP with the aim of producing ADP. This is the reason why this process is referred to as the oxidative phosphorylation (Fink et al, 2008). The processes of anabolic lead to the production of polysaccharides, nucleic acids, lipids, peptides and proteins and this is a collection of different living things materials. The opposite of anabolism is catabolism and this produces molecules that are smaller and are utilized by the cell to form larger molecules. ATP that is rich in energy is the main supplier of energy behind the process of anabolism and this energy is released when the bond breaks and ATP changes to ADP. During the reactions of anabolic, the ATP phosphate bond is transformed into a substrate so as to energize it to prepare it for the subsequent molecule utilization as a raw material for the larger molecule production. Whenever the cell is in need of producing certain proteins, the production is carried only for the specific amino acids that are required for the synthesis of the proteins (Fink et al, 2008). Furthermore there are those amino acids that are applied by the cell to produce glucose that emerges in the blood or a carbohydrate that is kept in the liver and is known as glycogen. As a result, the catabolism products of amino acid do not have accumulations but instead are fed on the anabolic pathways of the synthesis of carbohydrates. The rate of anabolic reactions is regulated by the cell through allosteric enzymes means (Rusell, 2005). Buy custom Nutrition Assessment essay

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Sub The Civil War In Sub-Saharan Africa, there is a high rate of in-fighting within the different countries. The existence of different ethnic groups causes conflicts. The groups usually fight for control and power since the leaders tend to favor their ethnic tribes over the others.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Sub-Saharan Africa specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This happened in Ivory Coast, when people who were supporting the incumbent president Gbagbo fought against those supporting the opposition leader Ouattara, who won the elections. The same also happened in Kenya where the incumbent president Mwai Kibaki, refused to give up power in an election marred with numerous electoral irregularities acknowledged by the electoral commission. This led to post election violence that led to the death of more than one thousand people. Sierra Leon has been in the Civil War since 1991 while the Congo has been in the Civil War s ince 1994 during the Rwanda genocide. Political Turmoil Electoral irregularities are rampant in sub-Saharan Africa, which lead to political turmoil. This is because the incumbent leaders do not accept defeat. Hence, they refuse to give up power and force coalitions with their opponents as in the case of Kenya and Zimbabwe. In Kenya, cases of rigging, voter bribery and election violence marred the electoral process. The electoral commission of Kenya favored the incumbent president Mwai Kibaki and declared him the winner amidst protests. The commission also acknowledged the irregularities; this led post-election violence due to discontentment among voters. After negotiations, the opposition leader Raila Odinga agreed to form a coalition government with Kibaki.Advertising Looking for essay on geography? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More A similar case occurred in Zimbabwe that forced Morgan Tsvangirai to form a coalition with the President Robert Mugabe after the closely contested election. In Ivory Coast, during the 2010 elections, the incumbent president Gbagbo refused to give up power leading to violence between supporters of the two groups. Corruption The oil exploitation in Nigeria happens to benefit only the drilling companies and the political leaders. It does not benefit the local communities due to unequal distribution of wealth, promoted by the high levels of corruption among the oil companies and politicians. In Kenya, the sitting president tends to favor his or her community when it comes to government appointments and project development. In Sierra Leone, the Revolutionary united front as accused the government on numerous occasions for mismanagement of funds that have since plunged the country into poverty despite the presence of diamond deposits. The President of Zimbabwe, Mugabe, took land forcefully from the minority white settlers and distributed them among his African cronies. Tho se given lands could not match the previous agricultural production capacities by the whites thus making the country unable to sustain itself. Food crisis Most of the countries faced with the food crisis in sub-Saharan Africa are on the horn of Africa that is Kenya, Somalia and Ethiopia. This is due to severe drought experience in the region that does not favor agriculture. The countries are totally dependent on agriculture thus worsening the food crisis when there is a drought. There is a lack of appropriate measure to curb the food crisis; this is due to the lack of enough funds at the regional level to come up with projects to improve the level of food production.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Sub-Saharan Africa specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Instability in the region caused by the presence of the militia group in Somalia known as Alshabab also promotes food shortage by preventing aid from reaching the people . The governments of the countries in the region also fail to act on predictions of such a calamity.

Assessment of the Camel Cigarette Promotion and the Impact of Medical Doctors in Advertisements by Cigarette Companies

Assessment of the Camel Cigarette Promotion and the Impact of Medical Doctors in Advertisements by Cigarette Companies â€Å"More Doctors Smoke Camels†, But Does it Matter? An Analysis of Camel Cigarette Ads The 1940’s presented a far different version of America then we live in today, smoking was not only a widely accepted pastime, but many people didn’t even consider it a bad habit. While there were a few studies that had linked smoking to bad long-term effects they were few and far between and so, the habit was much more popular at the time. In 1946 the RJ Reynolds Tobacco Company produced a pro-Camel Cigarette Ad that seemed, at first glance, to be nothing more than a typical ad but upon closer examination it became clear that the ad used elements, such as a doctor, to give consumers a subconscious sense that purchasing Camels could actually benefit them somehow – almost as if the doctor were prescribing them Camels. The ad’s aesthetics create a medium where producers have highlighted certain features of their product as â€Å"important† whilst using misleading imagery to further their agenda of selling the product. The highlight of the ad seems to be the doctor, who dominates nearly half of the advertisement; his presence creates a sense of comfort and a false allusion of benefit to purchasing Camel cigarettes. As a typical consumer would you not assume that, â€Å"if doctors think it’s ok, it’s probably ok†? The use of a doctor almost implies that, as is his job, the doctor is prescribing the Camel’s to the consumers viewing the ad. Along with the doctor the ad includes a section that describes the study conducted and it’s results. These results are simple white text on a black background, so they pop, and a pack of camel cigarettes are featured next to the textual blurb, as a means to simultaneously show the consumer what a pack of Camels looks like, and to remind the consumer they are looking at a Camel ad. Lastly, in what seems to be an effort to broaden their market, the ad includes a female who references her â€Å"T-Zone†, a makeup term that is aptly reapplied to suit the producers need to sell cigarettes, but still has ties to the doctor and how he may influence women in their purchasing of cigarettes. Overall the ad uses very basic methods to appeal to those who don’t plan on further analyzing the ad and its content. The doctor used in the Camel cigarettes ad seems to communicate a sense of comfort and lull the average consumer into a state of ease, as most people would believe that what a doctor claimed to be true was true. Visually the doctor in the ad is what one would describe as the â€Å"typical wise man†. He’s old, as notable by his old, wrinkled appearance, and his greying hair. His age would imply he’s been a doctor for a significant period of time and not a newcomer to the field, and this, would further indicate that his opinion is based on years of experience, which ads further validity to what he is saying. Comparatively, the doctor is drawn in a much more detailed manor than the other character, the woman, featured on the ad as is expected due to the fact that he is the true focal point of said ad. His wrinkles are defined and his skin has a much more natural gradient – again, adding to the overall notion that this doctor and the fact that he is an experie nced doctor, are part of marketing these cigarettes. On top of visually portraying the doctor as a wise and astute man, the text bubble that accompanies the doctor refers to doctors as, â€Å"one of the busiest men in town† and â€Å"a scientist, diplomat, and friendly sympathetic human being†, each of which carry positions of influential power towards the consumer. A scientist’s opinion might be trusted when possible effects of the cigarette are being debated, a diplomat when logistics and cigarette sales are being debated, and a sympathetic human being’s when one is simply looking for a friends advice. The ad uses the doctor as a means to create someone that the typical consumer can trust, sympathize with, and believe, in doing so they also create the ideal person or people to market their Camel cigarettes. In terms of marketing for the specific brand of cigarettes, Camels, the ad places them in a variety of eye-catching places to draw, what one would assume to be, the first glance of the consumer. One cigarette sits in the doctor’s hand, and although it isn’t marked as a Camel cigarette it is still drawn to stand off of the background. Despite the fact that the doctor is wearing a white coat, the contrast between the white cigarette and the coat is still quite high, as to further highlight the cigarette. The name â€Å"Camel† is once again mentioned in large font below the image of the doctor in the tagline, â€Å"More Doctors Smoke Camels Than Any Other Cigarette†, not only does the tagline further support the claim that doctors are being used to persuade buyers to purchase cigarettes – note the bolded â€Å"M.D.† But it also shows that the Camels, although the product being sold, are secondary to the message. After appearing several times in the text blurb at the bottom of the ad the â€Å"Camel† cigarettes again pop up in the form of an image next to the aforesaid blurb. Yet again the cigarettes – now specially marked as Camel – stand out against the white background they are set on, despite the fact that they to are white cigarettes. As a whole, the ad highlights the cigarettes, specifically camels, as something good and worthwhile that a doctor might prescribe with his thoughtful and informed opinion. In an effort to broaden their market the ad includes another â€Å"mini-ad† in the bottom right corner. The mini-ad features a woman holding a cigarette – that once again is highlighted from both her and her background – to market the cigarettes to other women. â€Å"Your T-Zone Will Tell You/T for Taste/T for Throat†¦Ã¢â‚¬  is how the ad goes about expanding its influence with the T-Zone referencing a commonly used term when amongst women who frequently use makeup. However, unlike the makeup T-Zone, the ad moves the T-Zone downward to include the mouth and the throat in an effort to associate women as a whole with smoking and not correct application of makeup. Although it may seem disconnected at first, the mini-ads reinforcement of the fact that Camel’s won’t affect your throat is something a doctor would back, furthering the notion that the doctor, although not highlighted in this sector of the ad, plays an integral role in why Camelâ€⠄¢s are the best cigarettes to smoke. This Camel cigarette ad falsely uses the pedestal many place doctors and their opinions on as a means to promote their cigarettes to a larger audience. Seeing as the ad is from 1946 it’s consequences are already known to the world we live in today, we now know that smoking causes a plethora of issues in ones later life and cigarette smoking is far from a commonly accepted pastime. In terms of the this specific Camel cigarettes ad and how it may have played a role in changing society it would seem that, due to their misperception, many people were duped not only into buying cigarettes, but specially Camel cigarettes. With this notion in mind one could also adopt the idea that those who purchased the Camel’s on the â€Å"doctors orders† may have eventually developed a mistrust in doctors due to the repercussions of smoking. The RJ Reynolds Tobacco Company’s Camel cigarette ad uses doctors, their trustworthy nature, and their position of power amongst the average consumer to market their Camel cigarettes as the best on the market. The ad, produced in the 1940’s, uses the already widely recognized pastime of smoking cigarettes, and the extensively accepted notion that people trust doctors, particularly those with experience, to market and sell their cigarettes as the best on the coattails of a doctor-like prescription.

The term paper is mostly a critique of Graddy's paper Essay

The term paper is mostly a critique of Graddy's paper - Essay Example The study that was undertaken by Graddy focused on over 400 restaurants from franchises that included Wendy’s, Burger King, Roy Rodger’s, and KFC. The pricing data was collected by using the result of studies done by Card and Krueger from 1994, with the income and race information coming from the census information of 1990. As the Graddy work is dated 1997, the time period for which the data is collected is appropriate, but will reflect the 1990s rather than looking towards the future. The reasons for using the data from fast food restaurants seems to be sound as it was an industry chosen for its product duplication across markets inside the United States. Graddy notes that previous studies of a similar type were done in reference to supermarket prices, but did not distinguish between the observable differences between race and income. Graddy dates the last study of that type to have been done in 1982, thus suggesting further that this area of inquiry has been neglected . In more recent studies to the date of the Graddy work, the topic of racial differences in price points was discussed concerning difference in automobile prices where Caucasian and African American customers were concerned where identical automobiles were quoted with different prices where one race was compared to another. African American buyers were routinely quoted a significantly higher price than Caucasian buyers. The nature of the way in which prices are determined, it seems, often has a relationship to race. In the Graddy study, she points out that this point is proven according to the work that she has done due to her work that shows that meal prices are at a difference of 5% when the population of a neighborhood is at 50% or more for an African American population. The initial study from which Graddy gathers her data from is based upon the work of Card and Krueger who surveyed restaurants in New Jersey and Eastern Pennsylvania in February and March of 1992 and then once mo re in November and December 1992. The survey questioned 473 stores with only 410 stores responding which gave a 87% response rate. For the first set, valid responses were gathered from 387 stores, with the second phase having success with 376 stores. Grady correlated this information with zip codes, first calling the individual stores, and then verifying that information with zip code directories. This information was then correlated with the information from the census in order to create valid information about place and price information in regard to race distribution in the areas of study. The information that was correlated for the race and price distribution section was then correlated in such a way as to add dimension to the study. The data was correlated with information from the 1992 Uniform Crime Reports Crime in New Jersey and Crime in Pennsylvania that was gathered from both the New Jersey and Pennsylvania police departments. After all the data was collected and correlate d, 322 restaurants had provided enough information to make the necessary relationships within the study which included information about starting wage, number of employees, and crime rates. The first table in the

End of Life Care Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

End of Life Care - Research Paper Example The same nurses constantly supply allowable medical information to the end of life patients’ families and friends. The nurses’ healthcare training and years of actual medical experience equips the nurses with the capacity to contribute influential recommendations to the decision making process, especially in terms of terminating the end of life patients’ earthly abode. Consequently, the nurses must be allowed to contribute their share to end of life patients’ decision making activities (Els et al., 2008). In the business world, customers pay for the services of the company. The company uses the customers’ payments to pay for the expenses needed to continue the company’s daily business operations. The business operation expenses include the salaries of the line and staff employees, electricity expense, water expense, and telephone expense. The company uses the customers’ payments to purchase the latest business equipments and inventorie s. Without the customers, the company will be forced to close shop. Further, the same business principle applies to the healthcare facilities. Nurses must prioritize the end of life patients’ rights in the exercise of their duties as nurses (Westrick, 2008). Without the patients, the healthcare facilities will not receive cash inflows. ... The healthcare facilities’ expenses also include the usual electricity expense, water expense, and telephone expense. The healthcare facilities use the patients’ payments to acquire the latest healthcare equipments, tools and inventories. Without the cash payments from the healthcare patients, the healthcare facilities, including the hospitals and home for aged facilities, the healthcare facilities will have no other recourse except to file for bankruptcy proceedings. Likewise, Mary Cooke and Ciaran Hurley emphasized that the patients should be given a greater role in deciding whether to continue end of life medical intervention (Cooke, M., Ciaran, H., 2008). Healthcare service is a partnership between the service providers and the service providers’ patients. The financial factors contribute to the partnership between the healthcare parties. One of the factors is finance. The poor patients cannot afford retaining the healthcare services of the healthcare facilit ies. The healthcare facilities cannot continue serving the needs of the patients if they cannot pay for the services of the healthcare facilities. Further, the healthcare workers, including the nursing professionals, must bend to the preferences of the patients (Cooke, M., Ciaran, H., 2008). For example, the patients can choose to be roomed at the ward or cheapest bed area within the healthcare facilities. The patients may not be able to pay for the exclusive or higher costing rooms of the healthcare facilities. Medical professionals and the nurses must bend to the wishes of the patients to prescribe cheaper but similarly effective medicines. The doctors and nurses should implement the patients’ preferences to under cheaper medical procedures, when the patients’ finances prevent the patients

Compare and contrast the central tenets of liberalism and realism. How Essay - 1

Compare and contrast the central tenets of liberalism and realism. How do they differ Is there any common ground between them - Essay Example War and efforts for force turn into the key situation of realist. Liberals launch the thought of force to incorporate corporate agreements, trade and entity agreements. Realism is embodied that the world domain is revolutionary and comprises of autonomous political units called countries. These are the most significant units of movement, intrinsically controlling some hostile military capability or force which makes them conceivably risky to one another; countries can never make certain about the aims of different states. The fundamental rationale driving countries is the endurance and upholding of power; countries are sane and consider how to survive. The two methodologies are comprehended to contrast significantly in their core presumptions, in the empirical substances they can clarify, and in the forecasts that take after from their hypothetical affirmations. Though, with the appearance of realism, realists and liberals have appeared to be moving faster together (Gross, 2005). It can be said that, realism and liberalism collectively can demonstrate considerably more, in a more precise way, than they can independently. The realist model has yielded prosperous knowledge into phenomena. Hence for every model in global relations hypothesis to go its own particular way is not ongoing or even supportive it is terrible

Report Plan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Report Plan - Essay Example 3. Identify the Purpose of the Report The purpose of the report will be twofold. First, it will help the company increase its market share in third-world countries where the demand for laptops is increasing with every passing day but people have no other choice than to buy economical brands, such as, Samsung, Acer, and Fujitsu. The aim of the report is to help Apple, Inc. increase its market share in such countries by providing people with low cost laptops. People like to buy Apple products more than the products of any other brand. However, a high percentage of consumers cannot buy Apple products because their buying power does not let them do so. Therefore, if Apple Inc. manufactures low cost laptops particularly for third-world countries, I believe that both Apple Inc. and the consumers will benefited as the company will increase its chances of gaining competitive edge even in third world countries and the consumers will have an access to the top quality brand of the world. The se cond purpose of the report will be to make Apple Inc. play its role in reducing the problem of obesity in America. I think it is the responsibility of every major brand of the world to show corporate social responsibility by putting some efforts for solving social issues. I think putting efforts for reducing obesity is also a social cause for which Apple Inc. should play some role as popular brand. People like the products of Apple Inc. and when the company will take steps to create awareness among people about the severity of the disease, people will definitely listen to the advice with interest. Obesity is a disease for which level of awareness really matters in order for it to be reduced. Apple Inc. can create awareness about it through television ads, magazine ads, and social events. 4. Identify Potential Resources that will be needed for Support The potential resources that will be needed for support include commitment of top management towards change, financial resources to de velop low cost products, and employee support. All of these factors will work together to make the above-mentioned recommendations feasible for the company. 5. Identify Methods to be used to Gather Information To gather information about feasibility of the recommendations, surveys and questionnaires can be used. Distribution of online survey to the users of internet, particularly from third-world countries, can be a suitable choice to gather relevant data. Users of the internet will fill the survey form through which the company will know whether the idea to develop low cost laptops for the population of third world countries is feasible or not. Information about the need to work on the second recommendation about obesity can be collected through the statistics given on published journals. 6. Identify Criteria to be used to evaluate the Information Collected The collected information will be evaluated considering the age, qualification, and profession of people. For example, age of 18 to 40 years, qualification level of at least high school graduate, and job experience of at least 6 months will be considered. If a person fulfils any of the three criterions mentioned above, his/her filled survey will be considered for evaluation. The

Organic Farming Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 7500 words

Organic Farming - Essay Example The majority of the studies have concluded that organic farming and the food produced this way, providing it is properly monitored, is beneficial to the environment and to the consumer. However, the industry is not experiencing the growth that was forecast in the early days of development. If organic farming is so important, why is it still considered a fad and not become a way of life Is organic farming as important and efficient as its proponents suggest Little research has been directed at this dilemma. The scope of this report is to investigate the nature, structure, business, and legal aspect of Organic Farming, and to ascertain the validity of the claims made as to its importance as a preferable and sustainable source in the food and product chain. The objective is to ascertain why organic farming has not become an important issue to the consumer, and action can be taken to address this situation. To provide an answer to the hypothesis our research focuses on the following areas: - To give a balanced view to our study, we also look at the international aspect of the industry, in terms of its size and market share. Our intention is that this study will complement and add value to the existing research on the subject matter. In an effort to provide a logical ... To provide an answer to the hypothesis our research focuses on the following areas: - The ethics of Organic Farming, to ascertain whether the claims made are valid or not. The industry itself, in an effort to gauge the its marketing effectiveness, how it manages the risk element, and the domestic and international size of the industry. The applicable laws, standards, and labelling requirement imposed upon the industry. How the Organic industry can achieve a more effective program for educating the consumer in relation to the benefits and value of its products. To give a balanced view to our study, we also look at the international aspect of the industry, in terms of its size and market share. Our intention is that this study will complement and add value to the existing research on the subject matter. Overview In an effort to provide a logical progression for the paper, a brief history of the industry and its methods are outlined in chapter two. In the third chapter we concentrate upon the business aspect of the industry and its impact, both national and globally, before we move the to discuss the ethics of organic production in chapter four. The current laws, standards, and labelling upon the producers are reviewed in chapter five before we analyze the methods by which the industry currently educates the industry the consumer, and this leads us to the conclusion of our study in chapter, where appropriate recommendations will be outlined. Chapter 2 Background To provide for an better understanding of the substantial amount of research and debate that surrounds Organic Farming and the content of these papers, it is necessary to understand the origins of the industry, and the methods used and systems of

Compare and contrast the central tenets of liberalism and realism. How Essay - 1

Compare and contrast the central tenets of liberalism and realism. How do they differ Is there any common ground between them - Essay Example War and efforts for force turn into the key situation of realist. Liberals launch the thought of force to incorporate corporate agreements, trade and entity agreements. Realism is embodied that the world domain is revolutionary and comprises of autonomous political units called countries. These are the most significant units of movement, intrinsically controlling some hostile military capability or force which makes them conceivably risky to one another; countries can never make certain about the aims of different states. The fundamental rationale driving countries is the endurance and upholding of power; countries are sane and consider how to survive. The two methodologies are comprehended to contrast significantly in their core presumptions, in the empirical substances they can clarify, and in the forecasts that take after from their hypothetical affirmations. Though, with the appearance of realism, realists and liberals have appeared to be moving faster together (Gross, 2005). It can be said that, realism and liberalism collectively can demonstrate considerably more, in a more precise way, than they can independently. The realist model has yielded prosperous knowledge into phenomena. Hence for every model in global relations hypothesis to go its own particular way is not ongoing or even supportive it is terrible

Organic Farming Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 7500 words

Organic Farming - Essay Example The majority of the studies have concluded that organic farming and the food produced this way, providing it is properly monitored, is beneficial to the environment and to the consumer. However, the industry is not experiencing the growth that was forecast in the early days of development. If organic farming is so important, why is it still considered a fad and not become a way of life Is organic farming as important and efficient as its proponents suggest Little research has been directed at this dilemma. The scope of this report is to investigate the nature, structure, business, and legal aspect of Organic Farming, and to ascertain the validity of the claims made as to its importance as a preferable and sustainable source in the food and product chain. The objective is to ascertain why organic farming has not become an important issue to the consumer, and action can be taken to address this situation. To provide an answer to the hypothesis our research focuses on the following areas: - To give a balanced view to our study, we also look at the international aspect of the industry, in terms of its size and market share. Our intention is that this study will complement and add value to the existing research on the subject matter. In an effort to provide a logical ... To provide an answer to the hypothesis our research focuses on the following areas: - The ethics of Organic Farming, to ascertain whether the claims made are valid or not. The industry itself, in an effort to gauge the its marketing effectiveness, how it manages the risk element, and the domestic and international size of the industry. The applicable laws, standards, and labelling requirement imposed upon the industry. How the Organic industry can achieve a more effective program for educating the consumer in relation to the benefits and value of its products. To give a balanced view to our study, we also look at the international aspect of the industry, in terms of its size and market share. Our intention is that this study will complement and add value to the existing research on the subject matter. Overview In an effort to provide a logical progression for the paper, a brief history of the industry and its methods are outlined in chapter two. In the third chapter we concentrate upon the business aspect of the industry and its impact, both national and globally, before we move the to discuss the ethics of organic production in chapter four. The current laws, standards, and labelling upon the producers are reviewed in chapter five before we analyze the methods by which the industry currently educates the industry the consumer, and this leads us to the conclusion of our study in chapter, where appropriate recommendations will be outlined. Chapter 2 Background To provide for an better understanding of the substantial amount of research and debate that surrounds Organic Farming and the content of these papers, it is necessary to understand the origins of the industry, and the methods used and systems of

Tsotsi directed by Gavin Hood and Chris Abanis Nigerian novel Graceland Essay Example for Free

Tsotsi directed by Gavin Hood and Chris Abanis Nigerian novel Graceland Essay How do the names of main characters in the film Tsotsi and novel Graceland define their identity? When comparing the South African movie Tsotsi directed by Gavin Hood and Chris Abanis Nigerian novel Graceland, both are stories of young men struggling with their poverty-stricken fates. In these African cultures, the names of central characters Tsotsi and Elvis are more than just a reference; they carry the clues to their past and the explanation to their present as they endure journeys of self-discovery. In the film, main character Tsotsi embodies his native label. In the local vernacular of South African townships-comprised of Afrikaans and a mixture of local dialects such as Zulu, Xhosa, Tswana and Sotho-the term tsosti can literally be translated to thug. With it comes the historical association of the 1930s urban youth gangs that ruthlessly ruled at the top of the ghettos hierarchy. Although in the past the name tsotsi carried a glamorous gangster image, the word is now used to describe displaced young criminals. This history of the word parallels the characters past. Tsotsi is seemingly comfortable in his role as a cold-hearted gang leader, but the viewer questions his motives as the film progressively exposes his troubled past. Hood uses flashbacks to portray Tsotsi as a young boy in his last moments with his bed-ridden mother. As he reaches out to hold her hand, the scene is slow-moving as if visually symbolizing the strength and endurance of their love. In these defining moments, his mother calls him David-meaning beloved. The appearance of Tsotsis aggressive, drunk father triggers a sudden change in pace-a rapid series of individual close-ups foreshadows a climax in the conflict that will permanently paralyze the characters emotional acceptance of each other. Parting from his mother metaphorically displaces David from his once safe, loving past to Sowetos perilous grasp. When he runs away, he leaves behind his real name-his true identity. The new name Tsotsi allows him to take on the role of a nameless thug that masks his emotional existence and provides him with an outlet for his traumatic childhood. In Graceland, the main characters name is inspired by the late Elvis Presley. Throughout the novel, Albanis choices of names define a culture in which all you had was your name(187). Before money became a universal determinant of status, the sole measure of a man was his name(187). Elviss father, Sunday, lives to take the family from being a nobody to carrying a name people spoke with respect(187). It is therefore untraditional for Elvis, as a future male representative of the family, to be named after his mothers, Beatrices, unaccredited passion. This act alone foreshadows Elviss inability to satisfy the conventional role posed upon him in Nigerias male-dominated society. Beatrice, meaning bringer of joy, invests her love and passion for music in Elvis. In the same way music acts as an escape from the slums grim conditions, Elvis is Beatrices symbol of hope-an innocent new beginning to life. Both Tsotsi and Elvis define their names through the strong connection with their mothers. When Beatrice dies, Elvis loses his source of inspiration, and the reader questions whether he will still be able to live up to his name. Both Tsotsi and Elvis found motivation and purpose in their mothers care, thus struggling to maintain paths of righteousness(171) after their loss. Although initially thriving in his self-adopted role as criminal, Tsotsi is eventually forced to come to terms with his true, restrained identity. In the beginning, he organizes crime with his followers Boston/Teacher-boy, Butcher and Aap (monkey in Afrikaans) at his heels. Together the meanings of the three names describe the characteristics symbolic of a stereotypical street gang; an abandonment of education, a barbaric desire to hurt and kill, and the foolishness of reckless animals. Despite the gangs obedience, it is not long before Bostons guilt consumes him after a murder, and he begins to question Tsotsis mysterious faà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ade. He verbally tears at the mask Tsotsi has created: Whats your name, Tsotsi? Your real name? Thug? Thats not a real name. The interrogation triggers Tsotsis angry past and fuels a brutal beating of Boston. In the following scene Tsotsi is fleeing the bar, and Hood parallels the event to the flashback of David originally running away from his father. Hoods cross-cutting implies a commonality in Tsotsis state of mind during these two events. Tsotsi has become exactly what he ran away from all those years ago-a bitter, drunk abuser. This inner realization forces Tsotsi to come to terms with his past and re-establish his true identity. After Beatrices death, Elvis struggles to maintain a source of identity. Beatrice has endured him with the role of her idol-she loved Elvis Presley(105)-and Elvis soon begins to physically embody this responsibility. His first job in the novel is entertaining beachside tourists as an Elvis impersonator. While Tsotsi hides from his real name, Elvis tries to embrace the inspiration behind his. Unfortunately, in a life where money overrules passion, dancing is not seen as a sufficient job; it is something everyone does in de bar on Saturday(5). Despite the disparagement, Elvis finds refuge in his physical transformation into the King of Rock. Make-up is a tool to success, metaphorically providing him with the opportunity to escape his menial reality. In this way, Elviss physical mask is similar to Tsotsis emotional shield. Real make-up, however, is seen as a dangerous option(11) because he could be mistaken for a cross-dressing prostitute(11). Elvis resorts to layers of talcum powder and is dissatisfied(11) with his end result. The conservative Nigerian culture denies him freedom in expressing his genuine love for music and dance, and Elvis becomes afraid to define his impersonation as anything other than a materialistic occupation. His mother may have given him a name that carried her artistic inspiration, but she failed to raise him into a life where his true character could flourish without her. It takes Tsotsi years to accept his name, and Elvis a lifetime to try to live up to his. Together, film and novel act as a microcosm for urban African society-a culture in which names are carefully chosen as a representation of character. Hood and Abani use Tsotsi and Elvis to exemplify the powerful role of names in influencing and molding developing characters. Author and director stress the need to take control and establish ourselves in a way that brings honor to our names, and that doesnt allow societys pre-prescribed connotations to define us.

Study of Ceramic Perovskites-type Oxides (ABO3)

Study of Ceramic Perovskites-type Oxides (ABO3) 2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 Introduction Ceramic perovskites-type oxides (ABO3) have been studied extensively due to the high conductivity and low activation energy. Among of perovskite type-oxide, an investigation of cerate zirconate attracts great attention to the researcher. It is well known as ion conductor and good chemical stability at intermediate temperature. It properties give big impact for development in technological applications like fuel cells, solar cells, batteries, etc. In addition, one advantages of perovskite is low cost as it can be made from common metals and industrial chemicals. According to Abdullah et al (2012), due to their low activation energy for proton conduction, the perovskite structure with proton-conducting electrolyte material important for development of Solid Oxide Fuel Cell (SOFCs) at intermediate temperature. The investigation of proton conductivity in perovskite has started more than two decades ago. Nd doped BaCeO3 and Y doped BaZrO3 indicate good proton conducting properties under humid at elevated temperature (Azad Irvine, 2007). Meanwhile, alkaline earth zirconates has lower proton conductivity but generally, better chemical and mechanical stability corresponding cerates (Abdullah, Hasan, Osman, 2013). SOFCs enable to convert chemical fuels directly into electrical power. The using SOFC used a ceramic electrolyte requires operating at high temperature and it will put this type of SOFC very great demands on the materials and technology lead to significant challenge for further development of the SOCF. Previous report has shown that the high temperature sintering resulted in large particle aggregation and growth and also consumed cost and time. Wet chemical methods (WCMs) used was able to lower the temperature as well as synthesizing time but the impurities that needed to be avoided still exist. Thus, many researchers analyze on the using of chelating agent to hinder the impurities (Abdullah, Hasan, Osman Nordin, 2012). 2.2 Hartree-Fock Hartree-Fock (HF) is the basis of molecular orbital (MO) Theory. HF method is an approximation method for determining the energies and wave functions in quantum mechanics. Unlike Density Functional Theory (DFT), the approximation of HF theory involves only exchange functional. It often gives qualitatively correct result. It can be systematically improved the result by carried out an MP2 or MP4 calculation, for example. HF theory was developed to solve the electronic Schrodinger equation resulted from time-dependent Schrodinger equation after refer to Bohn-Oppenheimer. The energy and many other properties of the particles can be obtained by solving Schrodinger Equation for wavefunction,. The Schrodinger equation describes the wavefunction of a particle: (1) = wavefunction m = mass of particle h = Planck’s constant V = potential field in which the particle is moving In molecular system, is a function of the positions of the electrons and the nuclei within the molecule, which will be designated as and, respectively. 2.2.1 Molecular Hamiltonian The Hamiltonian is made up of kinetic and potential energy. The kinetic energy is a summation ofover all the particles in the molecular and the potential energy component is the Coulomb repulsion between each pair of charged entities. T: (2) (3) (4) whereis the distance between two particles, and ej and ek are the charges on particles j dan k. For an electron, the charge is negative, e while for the nucleus the charge is positive, Ze, where Z is the atomic number for that atom. The full Hamiltonian can be written as: (5) From Born-Oppenheimer approximation which allows two parts of the problem to be solved independently, the kinetic energy for nuclei in Hamiltonian. 2.3 Density Functional Theory Density functional theory (DFT) is a quantum mechanical method that be used in physics field and has become one of the most commonly used techniques in computational chemistry. DFT is a well-known quantum mechanical method to investigate complex many-body problems at the electronics structure level such as charge, bond length, density and energy. Various names for DFT models are named through combination of exchange and correlation functional. DFT has two functional which is traditional functional and hybrid functional. The traditional functionals consist two types correlation components which are correlation functional and gradient-corrected functional. Correlation functionals involve only the values of the electron spin densities while gradient-corrected functionals involve both the values of the electron spin densities and their gradients. For the hybrid functional, it consist the combination of Hartree-Fock exchange and DFT exchange-correlation. For B3LYP, it contains the Becke Three Parameter Hybrid Functionals that using non-local correlation provided by Lee, Yang and Parr functionals, abbreviated as B3LYP. B3LYP exchange-correlation functional is: (6) Where a0 = 0.20, aX = 0.72, and aC = 0.81, while the and are generalized gradient approximation (GGA), is the VWN local density approximation (LDA) to the correlation functional. GGA originally are called nonlocals approximations or semilocal approximations. The gradient of density is usually determined numerically. However, GGA has limited applicapability. It cannot describe rlimit of xc-energy density and the xc-potential simultaneously correctly. Eschrig (1996) said the DFT method was important in providing the interested mathematician with the physicist’s view on the logical roots of the theory and also for those who want to get deeper insight into the meaning of the results of practical calculations. In addition, from previous study, DFT method was able to justify the interaction between ligands and metal fragments in coordination compound (Chermette, 1998). 2.4 Basis Set A basis set defined as the mathematical description of the orbitals within a system used to perform the theoretical calculation. Standard basis sets for electronic structure calculations use linear combinations of Gaussian functions to create the molecular orbitals. There are few types of basis set effects such as minimal basis sets, split valence basis sets, polarized basis sets and diffuse functions basis sets. Minimal basis sets on each atom in the molecules contain minimum number of basis function and they are fixed-size atomic-type orbital. Split valence basis sets can be made larger by increase the number of basis functions of each atom. The orbital is allowed to change the size but not the shape. In contrast with polarized basis sets that allow orbital to change size and shape by adding orbitals with angular momentum beyond what is required for the ground state to the description of each atom. The molecular orbitals are fixed linear combinations from one-electron functions and known as basis functions. They are centered on the nuclei of atom and share some similarity to atomic orbitals. An individual molecular orbital is defined as: (7) The coefficients c µi are known as the molecular orbital expansion coefficients. The further explanation for the above equation can be obtained in â€Å"Exploring Chemistry with Electronic Structure Method† books. 2.6 Metal Ligand Complexes The metal chelate has its own unique properties. The same ligand with different metal chelates share similar properties. The chelating agent complexes with the metal cation, forming a three-dimensional structure that blocks the ion’s normal reactive sites and prevents it from reacting as it normally would (â€Å"Chemical Properties of Chelates,† n.d.). The chelating agents can form coordination compounds with a metal ion as it is usually contain donor atoms like nitrogen and oxygen (Leopold et al., 2008). One of the acti ve investigations of the synthesizing methods for the formation of a single- phase cerate zirconate powder is the lowering of the processing temperature. Using different chelating agent can lower the temperature processing. Different strength of chelating agent gives different interaction during the chelation process(Abdullah et al., 2013). A recent report shows that the temperature can be lowered by combining TETA and Ba2+ cation in forming the ligand-metal complexes solution. The chelating agent of TETA effectively reduces the formation of BaCO3 in final powder (Abdullah et al., 2012).